Selenium 100+ Commands
Advanced & Framework Level

Instantiates a new ChromeDriver instance to launch a native Google Chrome browser session. Selenium 4 automatically resolves the matching driver executable using Selenium Manager.

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

Instantiates a new FirefoxDriver instance using the native Geckodriver protocol to launch a Mozilla Firefox browser session.

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

Instantiates a new EdgeDriver instance to control a Chromium-based Microsoft Edge browser session.

WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver();

Loads a webpage in the current browser window. This method blocks the execution thread until the page has fully loaded according to the configured PageLoadStrategy.

driver.get("https://careerraah.com");

Navigates to the specified URL. Behaves identically to driver.get() but maintains full browser history, enabling backwards and forwards navigation.

driver.navigate().to("https://careerraah.com/dashboard");

Simulates clicking the browser's native 'Back' button in history.

driver.navigate().back();

Simulates clicking the browser's native 'Forward' button in history.

driver.navigate().forward();

Reloads the current active document in the browser window.

driver.navigate().refresh();

Retrieves the document title of the active webpage.

String title = driver.getTitle();

Retrieves the complete, absolute URL string of the webpage currently active in the viewport.

String currentUrl = driver.getCurrentUrl();

Retrieves the raw, serialized HTML source code of the active web document.

String pageSource = driver.getPageSource();

Maximizes the browser window to fill the display boundaries of the current screen.

driver.manage().window().maximize();

Minimizes the browser window to the operating system taskbar.

driver.manage().window().minimize();

Puts the browser window into standard OS-level borderless presentation fullscreen mode.

driver.manage().window().fullscreen();

Retrieves the width and height resolution coordinates of the active window in pixels.

Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();

Closes the currently active browser window or tab. If it is the last open window, the entire driver session is terminated.

driver.close();

Closes all open windows and tabs, terminates the underlying driver service process, and releases system resources safely.

driver.quit();

Configures the browser startup options to use the EAGER page load strategy, which instructs the driver to wait only until the initial HTML document is parsed (DOMContentLoaded) rather than waiting for all stylesheets, subframes, and images to load.

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER);

Locates a single element matching the unique 'id' attribute in the DOM tree.

WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id("submit-btn"));

Locates an element matching the 'name' input attribute.

WebElement input = driver.findElement(By.name("username"));

Locates an element utilizing standard XML Path Language selectors. Supports highly customizable hierarchy navigations.

WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[@type='submit']"));

Locates an element using native browser stylesheet queries. Faster and highly recommended over XPath.

WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("div.container > button#save"));

Locates an element matching a specific CSS class attribute.

WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.className("btn-primary"));

Locates an element matching the specified HTML tag name.

WebElement heading = driver.findElement(By.tagName("h1"));

Locates an anchor <a> element matching the exact visible inner text string.

WebElement link = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Forgot Password?"));

Locates an anchor <a> element containing the specified substring in its visible inner text.

WebElement link = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Forgot"));

Locates all elements matching the locator. Returns an empty list instead of throwing an exception if nothing is found.

List<WebElement> rows = driver.findElements(By.tagName("tr"));

Locates an element positioned physically above another known reference element in the viewport layout.

WebElement input = driver.findElement(RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).above(referenceElement));

Locates an element positioned physically below another known reference element.

WebElement label = driver.findElement(RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("label")).below(referenceElement));

Locates an element located within a specific pixel distance (e.g. 50px) of a reference element.

WebElement button = driver.findElement(RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).near(referenceElement, 50));

Navigates forward through sibling elements under the same parent node in the DOM structure.

WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='username']/following-sibling::span"));

Finds all sibling elements located before the specified reference node in the tree.

List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//li[@class='active']/preceding-sibling::li"));

Clicks the target element. Will scroll the element into view first if needed.

element.click();

Types the specified text string into a text input or textarea element.

element.sendKeys("AdminPass123");

Clears any pre-existing text content in an input or textarea element.

element.clear();

Submits the parent HTML <form> containing the target element. Convenient shortcut for submitting forms.

element.submit();

Retrieves the visible inner text of the element, including sub-elements, excluding hidden CSS spaces.

String text = element.getText();

Retrieves the value of a specific HTML attribute (e.g., placeholder, value, class) on the element.

String val = element.getAttribute("placeholder");

Returns true if the element is currently visible to the end user in the browser viewport.

boolean isVisible = element.isDisplayed();

Returns true if the input element is enabled (does not contain the disabled attribute).

boolean isEnabled = element.isEnabled();

Checks if a checkbox, radio button, or option element is currently selected.

boolean isSelected = element.isSelected();

Returns the width and height dimensions of the rendered WebElement bounds.

Dimension dim = element.getSize();

Returns the top-left x and y coordinates of the element relative to the document page.

Point location = element.getLocation();

Retrieves both size and location parameters simultaneously in a single, high-performance API query.

Rectangle rect = element.getRect();

Retrieves the resolved value of a CSS property (like color, font-size) currently applied to the element.

String color = element.getCssValue("background-color");

Restricts the search query strictly within the boundaries of the parent element's inner DOM tree.

WebElement subEl = parentElement.findElement(By.className("child"));

Fetches the node's standard tag name string (e.g. div, input, select).

String tag = element.getTagName();

Verifies if the target element holds active document-level focus inside the browser session.

boolean isFocused = element.equals(driver.switchTo().activeElement());

Specifies the amount of time the driver should wait when searching for an element before throwing NoSuchElementException.

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

Instantiates a new WebDriverWait instance utilizing Selenium 4 Duration-based intervals.

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

Suspends execution until the located element is rendered visible on the screen.

WebElement el = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("metrics")));

Waits until an element is present, visible, and enabled in the browser viewport so it can receive clicks.

WebElement button = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id("submit")));

Waits until the text inside the located element matches the expected string.

boolean isPresent = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.textToBePresentInElementLocated(By.id("status"), "Completed"));

Synchronizes the flow by waiting until a temporary overlay (like a loading spinner) disappears from the screen.

boolean isInvisible = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementLocated(By.className("spinner")));

Defines a dynamic wait checking the DOM at fixed intervals and ignoring specific exceptions during polling.

Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<>(driver)
    .withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(15))
    .pollingEvery(Duration.ofMillis(500))
    .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

Wraps another expected condition to auto-locate elements when StaleElementReferenceException is hit.

wait.until(ExpectedConditions.refreshed(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id("save"))));

Blocks the Java execution thread for a fixed duration. Strong anti-pattern in clean production framework builds.

Thread.sleep(2000);

Evaluates the document readyState using JavaScript Executor to verify page assets are fully parsed.

wait.until(d -> ((JavascriptExecutor) d).executeScript("return document.readyState").equals("complete"));

Configures a timeout limit for loading pages. Raises a TimeoutException if the page takes longer than the duration specified.

driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30));

Limits the execution duration allocated for asynchronous Javascript code to complete execution.

driver.manage().timeouts().scriptTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(15));

Compares coordinates over a short interval to ensure an animated element is physically stable before interaction.

wait.until(d -> {
    Point p1 = element.getLocation();
    try { Thread.sleep(100); } catch (Exception e) {}
    Point p2 = element.getLocation();
    return p1.equals(p2);
});

Suspends the execution flow until a custom javascript statement evaluates to true (e.g. pending JQuery requests complete).

wait.until(d -> (Boolean) ((JavascriptExecutor) d).executeScript("return window.jQuery.active == 0;"));

Switches context focus to the active browser dialog alert modal popup.

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

Simulates clicking 'OK' or 'Accept' on a JavaScript confirm, alert, or prompt box.

driver.switchTo().alert().accept();

Simulates clicking 'Cancel' or 'Dismiss' on a JavaScript dialog box.

driver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();

Retrieves the inner text string inside the active browser prompt or confirm box.

String alertText = driver.switchTo().alert().getText();

Types a string input value into the text area prompt of a JavaScript prompt modal.

driver.switchTo().alert().sendKeys("Confirmed");

Switches context target focus into an iframe element using its Name or ID attribute.

driver.switchTo().frame("iframe-host");

Switches context to the first (index 0) iframe container on the webpage.

driver.switchTo().frame(0);

Switches context to an iframe after locating it as a standard WebElement.

WebElement frameEl = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("iframe.payment"));
driver.switchTo().frame(frameEl);

Exits all iframe levels, returning focus back to the top-level main page document.

driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

Returns a unique tab or window identifier string associated with the currently focused viewport.

String handle = driver.getWindowHandle();

Returns a set of unique window identifier handles for all open tabs or browser windows.

Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles();

Switches context focus to a specific tab or window matching the target handle ID.

driver.switchTo().window(windowId);

Selenium 4 native API to create and switch context directly into a brand new browser tab.

driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);

Selects an option inside an HTML <select> tag matching the exact visible label text.

new Select(dropdownElement).selectByVisibleText("India");

Selects an option inside a <select> tag matching the 'value' HTML attribute.

new Select(dropdownElement).selectByValue("IN");

Selects an option inside a <select> tag based on its zero-indexed list order (e.g. index 1 selects 2nd option).

new Select(dropdownElement).selectByIndex(1);

Clears all selected option choices. Note: Only works inside multi-select dropdown controls.

new Select(dropdownElement).deselectAll();

Returns a list of all currently highlighted choice elements in a multi-select dropdown.

List<WebElement> options = new Select(dropdownElement).getAllSelectedOptions();

Verifies if the target dropdown allows selecting multiple values simultaneously.

boolean isMulti = new Select(dropdownElement).isMultiple();

Deselects a previously chosen dropdown option using its visible textual label.

new Select(dropdownElement).deselectByVisibleText("India");

Simulates moving the mouse cursor to the center coordinates of the target element.

new Actions(driver).moveToElement(el).perform();

Performs a fast simulated double-click click sequence on the target element.

new Actions(driver).doubleClick(el).perform();

Performs a right-click click action to open element-specific browser contextual menus.

new Actions(driver).contextClick(el).perform();

Drags the source element and releases it over the target element location.

new Actions(driver).dragAndDrop(sourceEl, targetEl).perform();

Performs a mouse click down event on the element without releasing it.

new Actions(driver).clickAndHold(el).perform();

Releases any active click-hold action at the current mouse pointer coordinate.

new Actions(driver).release().perform();

Sends a keyboard key stroke to the element currently holding focus.

new Actions(driver).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER).perform();

Simulates holding down a keyboard key (like SHIFT, CTRL) without releasing it.

new Actions(driver).keyDown(Keys.SHIFT).perform();

Releases a held keyboard key (like SHIFT, CTRL).

new Actions(driver).keyUp(Keys.SHIFT).perform();

Chains actions together to dispatch keyboard combinations (e.g., Ctrl+C).

new Actions(driver).keyDown(Keys.CONTROL).sendKeys("c").keyUp(Keys.CONTROL).perform();

Selenium 4 Actions shortcut that scrolls the viewport until the target element is visible.

new Actions(driver).scrollToElement(el).perform();

Drags an element and moves it to horizontal/vertical coordinate pixel offsets.

new Actions(driver).dragAndDropBy(sourceEl, 100, 0).perform();

Moves the mouse pointer relative to its current screen coordinates and dispatches a click event.

new Actions(driver).moveByOffset(150, 200).click().perform();

Scrolls the page layout down by 500 vertical pixels using dynamic Javascript engine commands.

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("window.scrollBy(0, 500);");

Scrolls the page until the target element aligns at the center of the active browser viewport.

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView({block: 'center'});", el);

Clicks the element directly through browser dispatch. Bypasses viewport overlaps and display checks.

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].click();", el);

Injects styling rules to apply a colorful solid border around the element, extremely useful for visual debugging.

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].style.border='3px solid orange';", el);

Fetches hidden attribute values directly from input elements where element.getText() returns empty strings.

String val = (String) ((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("return arguments[0].value;", el);

Scrolls down to the very bottom boundary of the page height.

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);");

Retrieves the actual responsive height pixel dimension of the browser layout.

long viewportHeight = (Long) ((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("return window.innerHeight;");

Dynamically edits the DOM styling to display hidden background inputs.

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].style.display='block';", el);

Bypasses standard user input events to assign value properties directly to form inputs using JS.

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].value='custom_val';", el);

Injects stylesheet declarations directly into the HTML head container, extremely useful for disabling transitions during automation execution.

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("var s=document.createElement('style');s.innerHTML='* { transition: none !important; }';document.head.appendChild(s);");

Injects a custom authentication cookie into the active browser profile context.

driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("auth-token", "qa-session-token"));

Deletes a specific cookie identifier from the active session.

driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("session-id");

Deletes every single session cookie, useful in clean teardowns to force logouts.

driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

Fetches a specific cookie object containing domain, value, path, and expiry metadata.

Cookie cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("auth-token");

Wipes local web storage variables via JavaScript executor, commonly required for session cleanup.

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("window.localStorage.clear();");

Wipes volatile session storage variables to clear temporary client session states.

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("window.sessionStorage.clear();");

Captures a full visual image capture of the current active browser layout frame.

File srcFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

Selenium 4 native screenshot feature that captures only the specific bounding box of a target WebElement.

File srcFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

Fetches the node holding document-focus, commonly used for tab navigation testing.

WebElement activeEl = driver.switchTo().activeElement();

Fetches screen coordinate offsets relative to the viewport layout.

Point point = element.getLocation();

Explicit wait that pauses execution until a native browser alert is active and visible.

Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());

Intercepts browser device location calls utilizing the Chromium DevTools Protocol (CDP) to test location-dependent dynamic content.

DevTools devTools = ((HasDevTools) driver).getDevTools();
devTools.createSession();
devTools.send(Emulation.setGeolocationOverride(
    Optional.of(40.7128), Optional.of(-74.0060), Optional.of(1)));

Throttles browser connection throughput and latency parameters to emulate slow 3G or custom network connections.

DevTools devTools = ((HasDevTools) driver).getDevTools();
devTools.createSession();
devTools.send(Network.emulateNetworkConditions(
    false, 100, 250000, 500000, Optional.of(ConnectionType.WIFI)));

TestNG runner hook that executes before every individual test method. Perfect for driver setup.

@BeforeMethod
public void setUp() {
    driver = new ChromeDriver();
}

TestNG runner hook that executes immediately after each test completes. Closes active windows.

@AfterMethod
public void tearDown() {
    if (driver != null) driver.quit();
}

Marks a method as an executable test case. Allows defining execution order and custom retries.

@Test(priority = 1, retryAnalyzer = Retry.class)
public void verifyLoginFlow() {
    // test script
}

Injects environment and parameter inputs from testng.xml configurations.

@Parameters({"browser", "env"})
@BeforeClass
public void initConfig(String browser, String env) {
    // cross-browser config
}

Declares a data provider method returning object arrays to drive parameterized data-driven executions.

@DataProvider(name = "loginData")
public Object[][] getData() {
    return new Object[][] {
        { "user1", "pass1" },
        { "user2", "pass2" }
    };
}

Hard assertion that compares strings, arrays, or objects and fails the test instantly on a mismatch.

Assert.assertEquals(actualText, expectedText, "Text verification failed!");

Hard assertion validating that a conditional expression evaluates to true.

Assert.assertTrue(element.isDisplayed(), "Element is not visible!");

JUnit 5 standard runner annotation to execute test functions.

@Test
@DisplayName("Validate Checkout")
public void testCheckout() {
    // junit 5 syntax
}

Soft assertion that continues running subsequent assertions on failure and reports compile failures at assertAll().

SoftAssert softAssert = new SoftAssert();
softAssert.assertTrue(isHeadingVisible);
softAssert.assertAll();

Locates elements safely via dynamic findElements check, asserting that the target node is not present in DOM.

boolean isPresent = !driver.findElements(By.id("error-msg")).isEmpty();
Assert.assertFalse(isPresent, "Error was unexpected!");

Initializes Page Factory elements declared under @FindBy annotations in Page Objects.

PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);

Declares element matching selectors inside Page Objects. Elements are lazily located on usage.

@FindBy(css = "input[data-testid='user-input']")
private WebElement usernameInput;

Logs framework action details utilizing standard robust SLF4J/Log4j libraries.

private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoginPage.class);
log.info("Submitting credentials for user");

Logs debug trace error points to files and reports when assertions or exceptions are thrown.

log.error("Exception occurred while completing flow: {}", e.getMessage());

Loads external config property files to centralize urls, logins, and env parameters.

Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
String val = prop.getProperty("base.url");

Writes data lines or debug audit logs directly to standard text files in the project workspace.

FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("results.txt", true);
fw.write("Test Case Passed\n");
fw.close();

Safely uploads files by typing the absolute file path directly into the hidden file input element tag.

WebElement uploadInput = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type='file']"));
uploadInput.sendKeys("C:\\qa-assets\\invoice.pdf");

Verifies the presence of a downloaded file inside target project local directory folders.

File file = new File("C:\\Downloads\\statement.pdf");
boolean isDownloaded = file.exists();

Selenium 4 modern API to query encapsulated shadow DOM elements using native context boundaries.

SearchContext shadow = driver.findElement(By.id("shadow-host")).getShadowRoot();
WebElement target = shadow.findElement(By.cssSelector("input#nested"));

Configures Chrome to run in modern background headless mode, vital for Docker and Jenkins CI execution pipelines.

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--headless=new");
options.addArguments("--window-size=1920,1080");

Configures browser context execution to run in isolated Incognito / Private layout settings.

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--incognito");

Directs automation script actions to a remote Selenium Grid Hub router instead of launching local browsers.

WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4444"), options);